The View Model (engineering)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model

(...)The idea of a view and viewpoints are close related to the idea of perspective. In science and society this term has multiple meaning. There are in fact different kind of perspectives. In context of vision and visual perception, a visual perspective is the way in which objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes, or their dimensions and the position of the eye relative to the objects.
In the graphic arts, such as drawing graphical perspective representing the effects of visual perspective in drawings. Here it is an approximate representation, on a flat surface such as paper, of an image as it is perceived by the eye. Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye. It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.[3]
In the cognitive science the term "perspective" is used more metaphorically. In theory of cognition a cognitive perspective is the choice of a context or a reference (or the result of this choice) from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, cohesively forming a coherent belief, typically for comparing with another, in relation to cognitive topics.

Conical, Cylindrical and Conformal perspective for map projection.
Cartography speaks of map projection, meaning any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. Map projections are necessary for creating maps. All map projections distort the surface in some fashion. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties. There is no limit to the number of possible map projections(...)